In the face of mounting environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels, waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies have emerged as a promising solution for managing waste and generating renewable energy. WtE processes transform waste materials, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), into usable energy forms such as electricity, heat, and transportation fuels. This approach not only reduces the environmental impact of waste disposal but also provides a sustainable source of energy (Shafiei et al., 2022).

WtE technologies encompass a range of processes, including incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification. Incineration involves burning waste materials to generate electricity or heat. Pyrolysis, on the other hand, breaks down waste materials in the absence of oxygen, producing biochar, a valuable soil amendment, and bio-oil, a potential fuel source (Demirbas, 2011). Gasification, a similar process, converts waste materials into syngas, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases that can be used to generate electricity or other fuels (Basha et al., 2018).

WtE technologies offer several advantages over traditional waste disposal methods, such as landfilling. Landfills contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By diverting waste from landfills, WtE technologies mitigate these emissions and promote sustainability (Brunner et al., 2018). Additionally, WtE technologies reduce the need for fossil fuels, contributing to energy independence and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector (IEA, 2023).

Despite its promising potential, WtE faces certain challenges. One key concern is the potential for emissions of air pollutants, such as particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, if WtE facilities are not properly designed and operated (Rabaey et al., 2018). Addressing these concerns requires stringent regulations and advanced emission control technologies. Additionally, the high capital costs associated with WtE facilities can hinder their widespread adoption (Shafiei et al., 2022).

Despite these challenges, WtE technologies hold immense potential for a sustainable future. Their ability to reduce waste disposal, generate renewable energy, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions makes them a valuable tool in the transition towards a more environmentally friendly society. With continued research, development, and implementation of advanced WtE technologies, we can move closer to a future where waste is not a burden but a valuable resource.